GBM Branch Gates · V14 BONIXER
IDH-wildtype confirmed PROVEN
Worst prognosis subtype. 90% of all GBM. IDH mutation = better prognosis (secondary GBM). IDH-wildtype = de novo, no repair ladder, direct floor removal.
Louis et al. 2021 WHO CNS5 Classification · Brennan et al. 2013 Cell TCGA
MGMT methylation status STRONG
~40% of GBM are MGMT-methylated. Predicts response to temozolomide — methylated = silenced DNA repair = TMZ works better. Unmethylated = repair active = TMZ resistance built in.
Hegi et al. 2005 NEJM (EORTC 26981 · MGMT methylation + OS)
Temozolomide + Radiation (Stupp) PROVEN
Standard of care since 2005. Adds ~2.5 months median OS vs RT alone. Combined: 14.6 months vs 12.1 months. Real but modest. Still the only survival-extending standard.
Stupp et al. 2005 NEJM (n=573 · concurrent TMZ+RT vs RT alone)
Bevacizumab (VEGF inhibitor) SORRY
Extends PFS (progression-free survival). Beautiful PFS curves. FDA-approved 2009 for recurrent GBM. Does NOT extend OS. Target engaged. Vasculature normalized. Patient dies on schedule. The PDAC pattern repeats.
Chinot et al. 2014 NEJM (AVAglio, n=921) · Gilbert et al. 2014 NEJM (RTOG 0825)
EGFRvIII targeting (rindopepimut) SORRY
Phase 3 ReACT trial FAILED 2016. EGFRvIII-targeting peptide vaccine. Target engaged, antibody response confirmed. Survival benefit: zero. Same shape as Tominersen. Target confirmed ≠ outcome.
Weller et al. 2017 Neuro-Oncology (ReACT Phase 3 halt)
IDH inhibitors (ivosidenib/enasidenib) SORRY
Does not apply to 90% of GBM. IDH inhibitors only relevant for IDH-mutant glioma (low-grade, better prognosis). For IDH-wildtype GBM — completely irrelevant mechanism. The 90% have no IDH to inhibit.
IDH-wildtype classification: WHO CNS5 2021
BBB penetration SORRY
Almost every drug that works in vitro fails to cross. Mouse BBB ≠ human GBM-inflamed BBB. Dexamethasone (steroids) reduces edema but also reduces BBB permeability to drugs. The warden locks out the medicine.
van Tellingen et al. 2015 Drug Resist Updat
CAR-T (EGFRvIII targets) STRONG
Phase 1/2 data. Modified T-cells targeting EGFRvIII + IL13Rα2 + GD2. Too early to call. BBB penetration still a challenge. Intrathecal delivery showing promise. Not yet Phase 3.
Brown et al. 2021 Nat Med · O'Rourke et al. 2017 Sci Transl Med
Median OS 15 months PROVEN GRIM
With maximum treatment (surgery + Stupp protocol). 5-year survival ~5%. Has not meaningfully changed since 2005. 20 years of trials. Zero DMT. The floor does not hold without watcher.
Ostrom et al. 2022 Neuro-Oncology Supplements (CBTRUS)